Have you ever wondered how electricity is generated from water bodies? Of course, the simplicity of mechanical action in water to generate electricity is worth studying.
The rotation of metal in water would result in the generation of power. Hydropower plants are situated close to water bodies. The generation capacity of a power plant is determined by the height of the waterfall, also known as the head, and the flow rate of the water, which can also be described simply as the speed of the running water.
A typical hydro plant is composed of
- Forebay: A reservoir is where water is collected and stored before entering an intake chamber.
- The intake chamber collects water from the forebay, filtered as it flows into the forebay from this point. The intake is usually designed to suit the prevailing environmental conditions of the area.
- Penstock: This is a canal which conveys the water to the powerhouse. It covers the entire height of the water body.
- The powerhouse is the engine room that houses the turbine and generator that converts the mechanical energy from the turbine blades’ turning under the water’s impact to electrical power.
Hydropower is an essential renewable source to generate electricity. It is considered clean and environmentally friendly as it doesn’t contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. It is reliable and predictable because water sources can be regulated to meet energy demands. Also, the reservoirs can serve multiple purposes, like flood control, irrigation, or drinking water for communities. In addition, hydropower plants have a long operational lifespan, often over 50 years.
Hydropower plants adversely affect the environment when built on a large scale. Large-scale projects lead to the loss of habitats and alteration of natural ecosystems, often disrupting the migration patterns of fish and aquatic habitats. The relocation of communities in affected areas has social impacts like loss of cultural heritage, resettlement, and compensation headaches.
It is important to note that the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower generation can vary depending on the scale and design of the project, as well as the specific environmental and social contexts in which they are implemented. Nigeria has the potential for small hydroelectric plants, and this resource should be explored to improve energy access in the country.